Then there is detailed information on structure, characteristics and uses of five natural polymers which are natural rubber, ribonuclelic acidrna, starch, cellulose and chitosan. The process to make it was devised in 1862 by british chemist alexander parkes 18121890. They are present abundantly in plants, animals and human beings. Synthetic polymers are derived from petroleum oil, and made by scientists and engineers. Rubber was named by a chemist found that a piece of solidified latex gum was good for rubbing out pencil marks on paper. The wellknown natural polymers used in pharmacy and other fields are chitosan1, carrageenan2, is paghula3, acacia5, agar9, gelatin8, shellac, guar gum and gum karaya. The rubber in which the arrangement of carbon chain is trans with respect to the double bond is known as gutta percha and this is the natural rubber obtained from bark of various trees. Natural polymers have been used since ancient times, but mankinds ability to intentionally synthesize polymers is a fairly recent development. Natural polymers occur in nature and can be extracted. Natural rubber was originally derived from latex, a milky colloid found in the sap of some plants. But synthetic polymers are compounds made by humans that cannot be found naturally.
The document explains natural polymers in a nut shell as expected at igcse level. Natural polymers and synthetic polymers are the two major categories of polymers. Jan 28, 2014 natural polymers also are used in construction and adhesives, food, the food packaging and beverage industries, and cosmetics and toiletries, as well as the paint and inks industries. These identical structures, we understand as a unit made up of two or more molecules, join together to form a long chain. Synthetic polymers are a mainstay of modern life, but nature also makes polymers. The articles on polymers generally need to emphasize that they define a class of. If you would like to help, please inquire on the talk page and see the todo list there for more information on wikiprojects, please see wikipedia. All submissions of the em system will be redirected to online manuscript submission system. Class 12 chemistry investigatory project on natural polymers. Most of the natural polymers are formed from the condensation polymers and this formation from the monomers, water is obtained. Natural polymers cellulose, chiton, carbohydrates, proteins. Natural polymers these polymers are found in nature generally from plants and animals sources. Proteins in forms of polypeptides, such as collagen animals in meat, beans, eggs, etc starch in bread, corn, etc. Examples of synthetic polymers include nylon, polyethylene, polyester, teflon, and epoxy.
Among the earliest were semisynthetic polymers, which are natural polymers modified in some way. The word polymer is derived from two greek words, poly that means many numerous and mer which means units. Cellulose in fibers like celery, carrots, other fibrous veg. Linear polymers these polymers consist of long and straight chains. Polymers in the natural world have been around since the beginning of time. Natural polymers from the greek poly meaning many and meros meaning parts are found in many forms such as horns of animals, tortoise shell, shellac from the lac beetle, rosin from pine trees, asphalt, and tar from distillation of organic materials. This project has been funded with support from the. Then there is detailed information on structure, characteristics and uses of five natural polymers which are natural rubber, starch, ribonuclelic acid rna, cellulose and chitosan. Honey is another example of naturally occurring polymers that are significantly used in everyday life. Chemistry project report on polymers mba project, projects. Apart from being hydrophilic and biodegradable, polysaccharides exhibit enzymatic degradation behaviour and. Three types of natural polymers are polysaccharides, proteins, and nuclei acids.
Natural vs synthetic polymers gelfand center carnegie. Some of the examples of natural polymers are proteins and nucleic acid that occur in human body, cellulose, natural rubber, silk, and wool. Project on natural polymers free download as word doc. By 1820, natural rubber was modified by making it more fluid.
They discuss the techniques used in analysis of natural polymers in various systems incorporating natural polymers as well as their intrinsic properties. They are broadly classified as natural polymers and synthetic polymers. The small buildingblock molecules are called monomers. Abstract any pharmaceutical formulation contains two ingredients one is the active ingredient and other is an excipients. Nowadays, many natural polymers polysaccharides and proteins are being widely investigated as oral insulin delivery carriers by researchers worldwide. Natural polymers such as collagens, elastin, and fibrinogen make up much of the bodys native extracellular matrix ecm. An ideal tissue engineering scaffold would not only replicate the. Natural polymers are generally considered to be safe in vivo, and most of them are already in use as excipients in drug formulations. Natural polymer proteins ppt with starter, plenary and.
Polymers are long molecules made from connecting many smaller units called monomers. These substances often form into a chainlike structure. Examples are proteins, cellulose, starch, resins and rubber. Introduction definition classification of natural polymers properties and disadvantages biodegradation mechanisms factors affecting on biodegradation of natural polymers uses and applications examples 3. Polymers usually contain many more than five monomers, and some may contain hundreds or thousands of monomers in each chain. Natural polymer proteins ppt with starter, plenary and main. Polymers polymers are the giant molecules of chemistry. Wikiproject polymers is within the scope of wikiproject polymers which aims to improve the coverage of polymerrelated articles in wikipedia.
Semisynthetic polymers these polymers are obtained from natural polymers by simple chemical treatment to change the physical properties of natural polymers like starch, silicones. The authors provide perspectives from their respective range of industries covering classification, extraction, modification, and application of natural polymers from various sources in nature. Introduction to materials science, chapter 15, polymers. A number of miscellaneous topics have been drawn together in one chapter, which includes sections on conductive polymers, smart materials, protomics, human genome, optical fibers, material selection charts, carbon nanotubes, and liquid crystals. This special issue on natural polymers and biopolymers ii will present cuttingedge research works focusing on the use of bioresources for polymeric materials. Polymers are substances containing a large number of structural units joined by the same type of linkage. Read more about the classification of natural polymers at. Pdf biopolymers are polymers produced by living organisms. To learn more about the history of polymers, people who discovered polymers and the uses of polymersboth natural and synthetic. Then there is detailed information on structure, characteristics and uses of five natural polymers which are natural rubber, ribonuclelic acid rna, starch, cellulose and chitosan. We explore how polymers form, the chemistry of the reactions, and the three main types of natural.
It will demonstrate that the field of green polymers is still gaining increased attention, highlighting that natural and biopolymers, with their interesting and original. A nd, of course, life itself depends on polym ers such as carbohydrates, proteins, and d n a. Polymer is defined as a chemical substance of a high molecular mass formed by the combination of a large number of simple molecules, called monomers. Polymers free fulltext the use of natural polymers in. Chiton is the second most common natural polymer on earth. Natural polymers polymers that are naturally obtained or extracted from nature living organisms are referred to as natural polymers. Natural polymers polymers chemistrysource of polymers.
The polymer which has been synthesized in the laboratory is known as synthetic polymer. Examples are proteins, cellulose, starch, some resins and rubber. Natural polymers from the greek poly meaning many and meros meaning parts are found in many forms such. Working side by side with clients, freedonias team is able to define a research project that is customtai lored to answer specific questions and provide the basis. This is the project report for my chemistry project i did in the year 2010. The plants would be tapped, that is, an incision made into the bark of the tree and the latex sap collected and refined into a usable rubber.
The human body contains many natural polymers, such as proteins and nucleic acids. Friends, heres a great chemistry investigatory project for class 12 students. Natural polymers obtained from gummy exudates and plant fibres are being discussed here to take a closer look at their applications in pharmacy and other fields. If you are interested, you may visit the project page and join with us. Polymers are all created by the process of polymerization wherein their constituent elements called monomers, are reacted together to form polymer chains i. Jun 28, 1998 to learn more about the history of polymers, people who discovered polymers and the uses of polymers both natural and synthetic. N aturally occurring polym ers are presented in c hapters 25, 26, and 27. Authors are requested to submit articles directly to online manuscript submission system of respective journal. These natural polymers are widely used in pharmaceutical industry as emulsifying. Polymers class 12 chemistry investigatory project free. Polymer chemistry, sixth edition nanjing university. Natural polymers are defined as materials that widely occur in nature or are extracted from plants or animals. They are the chemically modified natural polymers such as hydrogenated, natural rubber, cellulosic, cellulose nitrate, methyl cellulose, etc.
Some wikipedians have formed a project to better organize information in articles related to polymers. This chemistry project report is on polymers and all information about modern chemical industry, simple organic molecules, macromolecules, polymerization, natural polymers, synthetic polymers, linear polymers, branched chain polymers, threedimensional network polymers, addition polymers, condensational polymers etc. Chiton is found in the cell walls of fungi, including mushrooms, and the exoskeletons of insects, spiders and crustaceans like crabs and lobsters. Starch, cellulose, and rubber all possess polymeric properties. Feel free to leave messages at the project talk page. Natural polymers include cellulose, chiton, carbohydrates like starch and sugar, proteins, dna, rna and natural rubber. When it comes to polymers, green and natural are not the same. Nanoparticles, deacetylation, alginate nanoparticles. Project on polymers for class 12th pdf natural polymers from the greek poly meaning many and meros meaning parts are found in many forms such. Key topics presented in polymers class 12 chemistry investigatory.
There are three different types based on the structure of the polymers. One of the most useful of the natural polymers was rubber, obtained from the sap. Semisynthetic polymers cellulose derivatives as cellulose acetate rayon and cellulose nitrate, etc. Natural polymers and their applications semantic scholar. It briefs you about what a polymer is and the examples of natural as well as synthetic polymers.
In this articles various techniques have been discussed in detail for the preparation of nanoparticles using natural polymers chitosan,alginate and proteins such as albumin,gelatin,legumin. Chemistry notes for class 12 chapter 15 polymers the word polymer has a greek origin. Pdf several polymers of both natural and synthetic origin have been. Dear teachers, attached ppt is based on guided teaching, it will cover organic compounds natural polymers igcse syllabus and ib middle year myp cr. Characterization of biopolymeric micro nano structured 3d.
Natural polymers include polymer compounds that can be found naturally in our environment. Natural polymers these polymers are found in plants and animals. These polymers are obtained from natural polymers by simple chemical. Natural polymers and their applications international journal of. The type of polymerization mechanism used depends on the type of functional groups attached to the reactants. It also explains in brief the important reactions, formation and uses. Natural polymers include proteins, dna, rna, starch, glycogen. Most natural polymers are condensation polymers, and in their formation from monomers water is a byproduct. The plants would be tapped, that is, an incision made into the bark of the tree and the latex. These natural polymers had been used before for recovering traces of metals from. Chitons chemical structure only differs from cellulose by a single molecule in the glucose monomer. As their name implies, natural polymers or biopolymers are polymers that occur naturally or are produced by living organisms such as cellulose, silk, chitin, protein, dna.
In great britain, erasers are still called rubbers. Xanthan gum 2,5,6,8,9,11 this gum is produced by a pureculture fermentation of a carbohydrate with xanthomonas campestris and. I have attached the complete project report for your reference and you can download it for free here. The market is led by cellulose ethers and also includes starch and fermentation polymers, exudates and vegetable gums, proteinbased polymers, and marine polymers. A variety of synthetic polymers as plastic polythene, synthetic fibres nylon 6,6 and synthetic rubbers buna s are examples of manmade polymers extensively used in daily life as well as in industry. Cellulose, another natural polymer, is the main structural component of plants. Most natural polymers are condensation polymers, and in their. Natural polymers are essential to daily life as our human forms are based on them. This page and its subpages contain their suggestions. An overview of natural polymers for oral insulin delivery.
Natural polymers, pharmacy, xanthan gum, chitosan, ispaghula, sterculia gum. One of the most useful of the natural polymers was rubber, obtained from the sap of the hevea tree. Polymers, project report on polymers, chemistry projects. Chakravarty university college of technology, osmania university, hyderabad email. In basic terms, a polymer is a longchain molecule that is composed of a large number of repeating units of identical structure. By a wider definition, natural polymers can be manmade out of raw materials that are found in nature. It also explains in brief the important reactions, formation and uses these polymers carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Using information from the class textbook, other books, the library, the world wide web or first person interviews with scientists who work in polymer research develop a presentation for the class on polymers. Starch is a natural polymer that is made up of hundreds of glucose molecules, similarly natural rubber is a polymer obtained from the latex of a rubber tree. Addition polymer of isoprene 2methyl1,3butadiene an average chain length of 5000 monomer units of isoprene. This ecm provides structure and mechanical integrity to tissues, as well as communicating with the cellular components it supports to help facilitate and regulate daily cellular processes and wound healing. Discover the chemistry behind everyday substances like hair and starch by learning about polymers. Introduction to materials science, chapter 15, polymer structures university tennessee, dept. An excipients help in the manufacturing of dosage form and it also improves physicochemical parameters of the dosage form.
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